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Source: Emont, 2018; Roberton, 2018 |
“ကျွန်တော် မကြာခဏပြောခဲ့သလို အားလုံးမြန်မာစိတ်မွေးပြီး ‘ငါတို့အားလုံးသည် မြန်မာ’ (We are Myanmar) ဆိုတဲ့စိတ်ဓာတ်ထားနိုင်ဖို့ လိုပါတယ်” - Min Aung Hlaing.
A cung i Kawlca bia hi Kawl ralkap bawizik Senior General Min Aung Hlaing nih 19 August 2020, a voi 4nak 2st Century Panglong Conference puai hunnak ah a chimmi a si. Laiholh in dengteo kan leh piak ahcun;
“Ka chim pah tawn bantuk in ka zate in Kawl lungthin ngei usilaw ‘Kawl kan si dih’ timi lungput kan ngeih dih a hau.”
Zei ruang kan ti ahcun “Myanmar-မြန်မာ” ti cu “Kawl” tinak a si tiah anmah Kawl lila nih an ti caah a si. Hi kong ah cheukhat nih cun ‘Kawl lungput ngei hna usih’ a ti duhnak cu si lai lo ‘Kawlram mi kan si dih’ a ti duhnak tu a si deuh lai, tiah a ruatmi zong an um men lai. Asinain, ram min ah kan hman mi “Myanmar” timi kong ah hin Kawl nih miphun dang pawl nawnnok a kan timhnak fiang tein, hmuh khawh a si. A tanglei ah fiang deuh in kan hun zoh te lai.
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Author and U Aung Htoo with his wife at Federal Law Academicy, Mai Ja Yang, 2016 |
Min Aung Hlaing biachimmi hi Federal Law Academy ah Principal a tuan liomi le Legal Aid Network a dirhtu Kawlram ramkhel lei ah minthang U Aung Htoo nih fak ngai in a soisel. "Kawl lungthin ngei dih hna usih ti cu miphun dang ho fa nih dah duh lai? A phung si lomi pei si cu. Keimah zong Kawl (Myanmar) ka si. Nangmah [interview tuahtu] zong Myanmar na si. Myanmar kan si. Shan pa kha va kal in Kawl lungthin na ngei lai ti cu a si kho lo mi pei si cu. Shan pa ra selaw 'Shan lungthin ngei uh' kan ti ve selaw kan duh lai maw? Miphun ai dang komi kha Kawl lungthin ngei uh ti cu ma-ha-lu-mio-ci-wa-dah [miphun dawpdolh duhnak lungput] bak a si ko" tiah MCN TV News nih interview an tuahnak ah a chim.
Kan ram min a hramthawk ahcun “Burma” tiah hman a rak si i, kum 1989 ah khan “Myanmar” tiah Kawl ralkap nih an rak thlen. Hi min thlennak kong ah hin a miphun huap in hlenthawinak ai rolh tiah tlangmi hruaitu tampi nih an rak doh. Anmah Kawl lila chung zong in hi minthlennak hi a duh lomi cheukhat an rak um; cu lak ahcun Aung San Suu Kyi hi ai tel.
Min thlennak hi constitution lo ning in ralkap nih hramhram in an rak thlenmi a si nain 2008 Constitution ah an hun telh. “The Republic of the Union of Myanmar” tiah 2008 Constitution ah Mirang ca in an tial. Kawlca in cun “ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ” an ti . Mirang kut in luatnak kan hmuh hnu ah Constitution kan rak ngeih hmasa bikmi 1974 Constitution tu ah khan cun “The Union of Burma” tiah Mirang ca in an rak tial. Asinain kha zong ah khan Kawlca in cun “ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ” tiah an rak hman ve thiam. Phun dang chim ahcun 1989 kum i, “Myanmar” tiah an thlen kan ti tawnmi khi Mirangca lawng ah an thlen i, Kawlca in cun Kawlram tuanbia ai thawkka hrimhrim in a um cangmi a si.
Zei ruang ah dah ram min cu an thlen?
A min an thlennak a ruang hi Mirang nih an rak auhnak ram min a si ruang ah anmah duh ning in Kawl ralkap nih an tlen, tihi zapi ruahmi a si. A dik ve ko. Ziah tiahcun ram min lawng si loin Mirang nih an rak auhmi khua min, tiva min, lam min, sang min tbk tampi hi 1989 kum ahhin an rak thlen ve hna. Tahchunhnak ah Rangoon in Yangon, Maymyo kha Pyin Oo Lwin, Irrawaddy kha Ayeyarwady tbk (Tiffany Teng, 2017).
Asinain cu nakin a thuk deuhmi cu miphun dawpdolh duhnak lungput a rak i rolh chihmi a si. Kawl ralkap nih an i thawh i, “Myanmar timi nih hin ram chung i a ummi rammi dihlak a kan huap deuh, Burma timi nih cun Kawl miphun lawng a huap” tiah a min an rak thlen lio in atu chun ni tiang an chim pengmi a si. Cu ruang ahcun Kawl ralbawi zik Min Aung Hlaing nih “we are Myanmar” timi lungput ngei dih hna usih a tinak kha a si.
"Burma" le "Bamar" zeidah ai dang?
“Burma” le “Bamar” hi cu fian a fawi ngaimi a si ko. Kawl pawl nih “Bamar - ဗမာ” an rak timi kha Mirang pawl nih anmah awchuah in an rak tial i “Burma” tiah an hmanmi a si. Cucaah hi pahnih lak ah anmah Kawl context in a dik deuhmi cu “Bamar” hi a si. Amah belte Mirang nih hin ram min le miphun min tiin ai dang in an hman. Cucaah Burma cu Kawlram tinak a si i, “Burmese” tiahcun “Kawl miphun” tinak a si. "Bamar-ဗမာ" kha Kawlholh a si i, "Burmese" tu kha cu Mirang holh a si.
"Bamar" le "Myanmar" teh zeidah ai dang?
Atu chan i Kawlram zatlang ahhin "Bamar-ဗမာ" le "Myanmar-မြန်မာ" tiin a pahnih in a um caah mi tampi a kan buaiter. Micheu nih "Bamar" hi Kawl miphun tinak a si i, "Myanmar" hi kan ram min a si tiah an ruah.
Hihi Kawl ralkap nih timh ciammam tein an rak kan nawnnokmi a si i, Kawl ah canter duhnak lungput he ram min tiang zong an rak thlenmi a si. Cu ruang ahcun Min Aung Hlaing nih ‘we are Myanmar’ i ti dih hna usilaw a timi zoh tik ah 1989 ram min an rak thlen lio i an i tinhmi hi a nung peng rih ti a fiang. Chin mi cheukhat zong Kawl ralkap hmuitinh tlamtlintertu ah kan i cang; "Myanmar" ti hi miphun dihlak a kan huap tu ah a ruatmi tampi kan um.
"Bamar" le "Myanmar" cu a sullam ai khatmi a si i, a chimnak le a tialnak tu ai dangmi a si, tiah anmah Kawl lila zong nih an chim tawnmi a si. Hi kong ah Aung San Suu Kyi lila zong nih voi tam ial a chim bal cang. “Ralkap nih ‘Myanmar nih cun rammi dihlak a kan huap’ an timi hi cu a dik lomi a si. A taktak ahcun 'Myanmar' timi cu Kawl miphun [Burmese people] tinak a si ko” tiah World Economic Forum (2013) ah a rak chim. Cun 2012 kum ah India ram a rak tlawn lio i, The Hindu media nih interview an rak tuah lio zong ah Aung Sang Suu Kyi nih cun tihin a rak chim; “Bamar le Myanmar hi cu a sullam ai khat ko. Myanmar hi catialnak (literary form) a si i, ‘Bamar’ hi biachimnak ah hmanmi a si” a ti.
Kawl caholh ah khin “ရေးတော့အမှန် ဖတ်တော့အသံ” timi phung an ngei. A sullam cu cafang pakhat a tialning le reltik ah a awchuah ai dangmi khi an si hna i, Kawl nih cu bantuk cu tamtuk an ngei. Tahchunhnak ah ‘ပန်ကန်’ ti khi ai tial ning te awchuah ahcun ‘pan-kan’ ti ding a si nain ‘pakan’ tiah an chim. ‘ကိုယ်စားလှယ်’ tik hi a tial ning te awchuah ahcun ‘ku-saa-hle’ ti ding a si nain ‘ku-za-le’ tiah an chim. ‘ဘုရား’ ti mi khi a tial ningte awchuah ahcun ‘buh-yaa’ ti ding si nain ‘phe-yaa’ tiah an chim. Cu ruang ah a tialning a dikmi te ahcun ‘Myanmar - မြန်မာ’ ti a si i, an chim tik ah khan ‘-Bamar-ဗမာ’ tiah a hlan lio pi in an rak hmanmi a si. A sullam cu Aung San Suu Kyi chim bang in ‘Kawl miphun’ tinak an si veve ko.
Aung San Suu Kyi dirhmun
Aung San Suu Kyi cu “Myanmar” ti hi a rak duh bak lomi a si i, NLD nih cozah an tlaih hlan vialte kha “Burma” ti lawngte in a auh. A auh duh lonak a ruang a chim tawnmi cu “Kawl ralkap nih a min an rak thlen ah khan mizapi duhnak (democracy) tel loin anmah nawl lawng in an thlenmi a si” a ti. Cun, ralkap nih an timi “Myanmar nih cun a kan huap khawh dih” an timi zong hi Aung San Suu Kyi nih cun “zer tian bia (dishonest) a si” tiah a rak soisel hna (World Economic Forum, 2013; The Hindu, 2012).
“Burma” a ti peng ruang ah, Pu Thein Sein cozah chan ah khan voi khat cu USDP upa pawl nih an i tuar ti lo i, an zai hnawh. “Daw Suu nih Burma a ti lengmangmi hi phunghram he aa kalh. 2008 Phunghram ah ‘Myanmar’ tiah fiang tein aa tial ko caah ‘Burma’ a ti peng rihmi hi cu Phunghram zei ah a rel lo a si” an ti.
Cozah an vun tlaih cangka belte in a dirhmun a vun i thleng deuh ngai. Kum 2016, April 22 ni ah Foreign Affairs Minister a sinak in Kawlram i embassy a ngeimi ram vialte aiawhtu pawl he cozah thar nih Foreign Policy a ngeihmi kong ah biaruahnak an ngei. Mah tonnak ahcun bia le lam ah Burma kan ti lai maw, Myanmar kan ti lai dah timi biahalnak a hong chuak i mahti hin a leh hna; “Burma timi hi ka rak hman pengmi a si. Keimah nih Burma ka ti ruang ah nanmah nih Burma nan ti ve theng a hau lo” a ti hna. “Keimah zong nih a caancaan ahcun ‘Myanmar’ ka ti ko lai” tiah a rak chimchap.
Kan ram min cu zeidah si kun lai?
A cung ah ka langhter cang bang kan ram min cu 2008 Phunghram ning te ahcun Mirangca in “Myanmar” a si i, Kawlca cun “မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ” a si. Ramleng ummi nih cun “Burma” ti deuh in an auh peng rih. Chin nih kanmah holh tein kan auh ve. Hakha, Thantlang le Falam nih “Kawlram” kan ti. Tedim lei kan unau hna nih “Kawlgam” an ti. A sullam belte cu ai khat dih.
“Burma” kan ti ahcun Mirang nih an rak hman ning in kan hman ve tinak men khi a si. “Myanmar” kan ti ahcun Kawl ralkap nih an i thimmi min te in kan auh piak hna tinak a si. “Kawlram” kan ti ahcun kanmah holh tein kan hei auh hna khi si.
Cucaah a sullam ai khah ko mi kha Mirang minsak in maw kan auh lai?, Kawl ralkap duhning in maw kan auh lai?, kanmah Laiholh tein dah kan auh lai? timi pawl tu ahcun ‘a dik, diklo’ timi a um lo caah mah duhning cio hei auh ding si ko hnga. A fiang mi belte cu zeiti kan va auh zong ah a min nih cun Kawl miphun min lawng a ken i, miphun dang a kan huap chih lo timi belte cu pom a hau hnga.
Zeidah a poi, hodah palh?
Kan ram min ah “Myanmar-မြန်မာ” a si caah a min nih cun Kawl min lawng a huap. Ramkomh pakhat kan dirhti ve tung i, miphun pakhat min bunh in ram min pek hi cu miphun dang caah a sung ngaimi a si. A min hrim nih hin miphun karlak ah thleidannak a chuahpi cang; kanmah ta deuh, anmah ta deuh timi thinlung fakpi in a chuahter i, ramkomh lungthin (union spirit) timi a zorter.
Hi zawn ahhin kanmah tlangmi hruaitu chung in Panglong Agreement min a rak thutu pawl zong hi tuanvo an ngei. Ram pakhat kan dirh lai ti niangmang ahcun kan zapi te a kan huap khomi ram min an rak i ceihchih a herh bak mi khi a si. Kawl nih hin miphun dawpdolh a kan duh ruang ah ram min tiang anmah min lawng an putter tiah va zai len cu a phu tuk ko nain kan pale nih kan zapi te huap kho ding min an rak chuahpi ve lomi zong cu kanmah tlangmi lei santlaih lo a si ve.
Thlen khawh a si ti lai maw?
“Myanmar” nih Kawl miphun lawng a huap ti cu hi capar nih a hun fianter cang. Miphun pakhat cung lawng ah aa hngat lomi min in thlen than khawh a si ti lai maw?
Atu kan dirhmun ahcun a fawi ti lo. Pakhatnak ah ram min an rak thlen lio [1989] ahhin miphun dawpdolh duhnak lungput a rak i tel cia cangmi a si. Pahnihnak ah cu bantuk miphun dawpdolh duhnak lungthin hi tuchun ni tiang ah Kawl lungthin in a tlau rih lo; Min Aung Hlaing biachim nih khan a fianter khun. Kawl hi milu tam-u an si fawn, nawlngeihnak vialte ai tlaih dihmi an si fawn caah Kawl nih an duh lo ahcun thlen khawh dingmi phun a si lo. Pathumnak ah kanmah tlangmi lila zong nih ai ziak tuk cangmi kan tam cang. Va thlen len cu zei hme hau, a min cu biapi lo, tiah a ruatmi tawk an tampi lai.
Ram min thlen duh ahcun 2008 Constitution Dal (1)nak caang (2)nak i ai tialmi “နိုင်ငံတော်ကို ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဟု ခေါ်တွင်ရမည် (The State shall be known as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)” timi khi thlen a hau hnga. Khi remh khawh nakding ahcun Dal (12) nak cang (436) i a ummi Hluttaw meeting kai mi vialte i 75% nak tam nih hnatlakpi lawng ah remh khawh a si caah ralkap hnatlaknak tel loin cun remh khawhmi a si lo.
Lam dang teh a um maw?
2008 Phunghrampi remh nakding ahhin lamdang a um chunmi cu Peace Process lei in NCA lamtluan hi a si. Federal ram sersiam nak caah si seh, 2008 Phunghrampi ah ai tialcia mi pawl remh an duhmi si seh remdaihnak lamtluan i ramkhel biaruahnak ahhin biatung (agenda) bantuk in chuahpi i, i ceih khawh a si. Ram min thlen nak kong zong hi chuahpi khawh cu a si. Ralkap le cozah lei nih an hnatlakpi ahcun Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong ah Union Accord ah min an thut lai i, Hluttaw chung ah hei fehter khi si te hnga.
Kum 2016, a voi (1)nak 21st Century Panglong Conference ah khan kan ram min hi kan thlen awk a si tiah Mon hriamtlai phu MNSP nih an rak chuahpi bal. "Burma kan ti pek, Myanmar kan ti pek ah, Kawl miphun lawng a huapmi a si caah ram chung miphun dihlak a kan huapmi min dang in kan thlen awk a si" tiah MNSP Vice Chairman (atu cu Chairman a si cang) nih a rak chim (RFA, 2016). Asinain hi biatung hi ramkhel biaruahnak tatkak ahcun ceihpi an si rih lo.
Peace Process zong ahhin ralkap hi a biapi in nawl a ngeitu an si than tikah ceihtinak um hmanh selaw thlen khawh ding taktak cu a har kho. Cozah le Hluttaw chung i nawl an ngeih mi nak hmanh in Peace Process ahhin an nawlngeihnak a sang deuh rih. Biatung pakhat te ah ralkap hnatlakpinak tel loin zeihmanh biachahnak tuah khawh a si lo.
Cucaah ram min thlennak kong zong ahhin lamdang a um hei ti vial khi si i, cu lam zong cu ralkap le Kawl miphun hruaitu nih khuhcilhmi a si thiam caah atu lio dirhmun ning ahcun ruahchannak a tlawm.
Aung San Suu Kyi le NLD nih teh thlen an duh lai maw?
“A caancaan ah Myanmar ka ti lai” tiah a rak chim nain atu ahcun Aung San Suu Kyi zong nih “Myanmar” hi cu ai ziak tuk ve cang. Kum 2019 i The Hague ah Rohingya tazacuainak he pehtlai i, zung an chuah lio zong ah khan “Myanmar” ti lawngte in a hman.
Aung San Suu Kyi hi Kawl dang he tahchunh ahcun tlangcung mi zawn a ruat deuh tiah pom khawh cu a si men lai. Asinain ramkhel minung (politician) pawl hi cu a dik le diklo timi nakin mi tam deuh nih duhning in thil an kalpi tawn. Cucaah Kawl dang nih an duh lomi Aung San Suu Kyi nih hei tuah ding khi thil fawi a si lo.
Cucu Rohingya buainak kong i, a dirhmun nih khin a langhter ngai. Amah pumpak lila zong democracy icon e, human rights a tanhtu e tiah vawlei cung nih an upatmi a rak si nain Rohingya kong ahcun Kawl lei ah a tang bak ko. Mi cheukhat nih cun Kawl phun tanh a si ve ruang ah a si ko, tiah an mawhchiat. Khat lei ah Rohingya a dirpi hna ahcun Kawl miphun tam-u nih an huat dignmi cu a fiang bakmi a si i, Aung San Suu Kyi caah cun thil harsa ngai a si.
Cu ruang ahcun kan ram min van thlen than ding hi cu Hluttaw chung in si seh, Peace Process leikap NCA lamtluan zong in si seh kan ram ahhin Kawl miphun a tam-u (majority) an si lawng si loin ramkomh huap in nawlngeihnak vialte ai tlaih pengtu an si caah, thil harsa ngai a si. NLD chung in si seh, party dang le phu dang in si hna seh, Kawl pawl lak ahhin tlangmi zawn a ruat taktkami hi cu kutdong khiah zat hmanh an um fawn lo. +++++
Chirhchanh:
Burma Center Prague. (n.d). Myanmar, bama, oh heck, simply Burma. https://www.burma-center.org/burma-or-myanmar/
Emont, Jon. (2018, September 7). Top Myanmar General Booted From New Russian Social-Media Account. https://www.wsj.com/articles/top-myanmar-general-booted-from-new-russian-social-media-account-1537185313
MCN TV News Channel. (2020, August 22). အတည်ပြုခဲ့တဲ့ ပြည်ထောင်စု သဘောတူစာချုပ်အပေါ် သဘောထားအမြင်. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5bvJr9OTjY&t=319s
RFA Burmese. (2016, September 2). နိုင်ငံအမည် ပြောင်းသင့်ကြောင်းနဲ့ ပြည်နယ်တွေ သတ်မှတ်ပေးဖို့ ဆွေးနွေး. https://www.rfa.org/burmese/news/nainghanthar-myanmar-name-change-09022016045101.html
Robertson, Holly. (2018, October 13). Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi dashes hopes for press freedom in the country. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-13/how-aung-san-suu-kyi-dashed-hopes-of-press-freedom-in-myanmar/10368646
Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. (2020, August 19). Public speech, Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong (4th Session), Naypyidaw: Myanmar.
The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2008
The Constitution of the Union of Burma 1947
The Hindu. (2012, Novermber 13). ‘Let’s not be over-optimistic about Burma’. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/lets-not-be-overoptimistic-about-burma/article4091223.ece
Tiffany Teng. (2017, July 14). Burma v Myanmar: Why the Country is Known by Two Names. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/myanmar/articles/burma-v-myanmar-why-the-country-is-known-by-two-names/
World Economic Forum. (2013, June 11). Myanmar 2013 - Myanmar: What Future?. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADQSqUBZjvE&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1P0p2DDYzQ7DZxSKahrrHeb1GTBc67v-bm03I1iedzDEG5FRmRgwxx2Lg