Hriamtlai an chuak. Luatnak kan hmuh kum lila 1948 March ah Communist uknak phung a duhtu Communist Party of Burma (CPB) nih hriamtlai in ral an tho. A kumvui 1949 ah Kawl Ramkomh ah um a duh lomi [atu cu federal tu an khel cang] Karen National Union (KNU) ral an tho (Bertin Lintner, 2020). Kum 12 a rauh hnu 1961 kum ah Kachin Independent Organization (KIO) nih Kawlram in kan chuak lai tiah ral an tho ve. 1962 kum ah Kawl ralkap bawizik Pu Ne Win nih ralkap uknak a lak hnu in tlangmi dangdang zong hriamtlai an hun karh thluahmah.
Parliament democracy ukning kan hman lio ah CPB dah ti lo a buaimi an rak um lo; annih tu hi cu democracy an i lungsi lo siloin communist uknak tu a duh deuhmi an si. Chim duh taktakmi cu Kawlram ramkhel buainak a hrihhram taktak hi democracy hal ruang ah si loin Kawl Ramkomh chung ah a ummi miphun hna nih mahte khuakhan lairelnak (federal ukning) kan rak hman khawh lo ruang tu ah a si.
Pu Ne Win nih hriamnam hmang in ram a hun hruai; Socialist ukning phung kalpi a hun timh hnu ceo lawng in democracy movement hi a hong chuakmi a si; (Newin nih hriamnam hmang in uknak a lak lio ahhin Yangon University in sianghlei kai tlawmpal nih doh an rak timh nain fawi tuk in an rak kham khawh hna). Tuanbia ning tein a zeidah hmai deuh ah a ra, timi khi hun zoh duhmi a si i, zaukphung nakin mahte khuakhan lairelnak kong tu a si deuh. Atu lio Kawlram ramkhel thlihran ahhin democracy maw a biapi deuh federal dah? A zeidah kan papek deuh lai? tiah bia-alnak tam ngai a chuah caah tuanbia hun zohta a herhnak a si.
NLD nih zeidah an
papek?
NLD nih party an rak dirh hramthawk in democracy kan ngah hmasa lawng ah (“democracy first”) federal kan ser khawh lai tiah an rak aupi. NLD hi Aung San Suu Kyi hruainak in Pu Tin Oo, Pu Aung Gyi, Pu Win Tin, Pu Aung Shwe, Pu Kyi Maung tbk Kawl lawngte nih rak dirhmi a si. 1988 kum i siangngakchia lamzawhmi tampi nih dirkamh a si. Party an dirh hlan hrimhrim in democracy movement kha tha a pe deuhmi an si caah democracy an papek deuhmi hi khuaruah har ding cu a si lo. Amahbelte, 1990 kum lio i General Election lio te in tlangmi nih kan halmi Federal ukning phung kan duh ko, ti cu an rak chim peng ve. Cucaah, Federal uknak phung a khelmi tlangmi party pawl he zong naihniam deuh in an rak um kho.
“Democracy first” hi
a herh maw?
Vawlei cung ah federal uknak a hmang tiah fiang tein chim khawhmi hi ram 25 an um. An hmanning belte ai lo cio lo. Russia ai tel; Communist uknak an rak hman lio [USSR chan lio] te khan federal a hmang cangmi a si. 1991 kum ah USSR timi ramkomh a rawk i, Russia lawng an tan hnu zong in federal an hmang peng thiamthiam. Cun, United Arab Emirates (UAE) ram khi democracy ram ngaingai a si lo nain federal ukning phung a hmangmi an si. Democracy tling tein hman lo zong ah federal hi ai hmang kho ve ko ti hi chim duhmi a si. Amahbelte, federation hi democracy he ai tlak bik mi cu a si ko tiah thiamsang hna nih an ti. Kawlram sining zong ah tlangmi nih kan duhmi federal hi democracy he hmanti hi a si.
Amahbelte, kan ram buainak hi democracy kong ah ai thawkmi a si lo ruang ah ‘democracy kan ngah hmasa hnu lawng ah federal cu kan buaipi te lai’ ti kha tlangmi caah cohlan a har.
Peace process ah democracy le federal biafang pahnih hmanti ning kong ah buaibainak a chuak bal. Tlangcung hriamtlai phu (EAO tiah ka hman lai) lei nih “Federal Democracy” tiah hman an duh. NLD le Kawl ralkap lei belte nih “Democracy federal” tiah hman an duh; democracy ser hmasa lawng ah federal cu ser khawh a si lai timi an ruahnak ruang ah khin a si. Amahbelte NLD nih hi biafang pahnih an hmanti ning kong ah an hnuhmai ai khat lo. Tahchnuhnak ah, 2015 Election Manifesto hna ah khan cun “Federal Democracy” tiah federal biafang kha hmai ah an rak chiah. A hnu tu ahcun democracy tu kha hmaisuang ah an hun chiah.
NLD hmuhning ai thleng
maw?
Nai cikhua Aung San Suu Kyi biachimmi zoh belte ahhin “democracy first” timi hi an kaltak cang hlah maw tiah ruah awk a um. Hi kong ah Aung San Suu Kyi nih a voi 4nak Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong a chimmi in hmuh khawh a si. Hi tan ahhin Kum 2020 hnu lei in cozah nih Peace Process a kalpi dingmi rianhma a dotdot (amah nih cun လုပ်ငန်းစဉ် tiah a hman) kong a chim i, cu a chimmi pahnihnak ah “democracy tlenremhnak le federal ramkomh sernak hi aa ruang in kan kalpi lai” a ti (Kawlholh in a chimmi hmanthlak ah zoh khawh a si”. Hi ning te hin October 15, 2020, a voi 5nak NCA Anniversary, ah a nolh than. Cucaah democracy kan ngah lawng ah federal kan hmu kho lai an rak ti pengmi kha an policy an hun thlen deuh cang hla maw tiah ruah awk a um.
NLD nih federal
principle an ngei maw?
NLD nih federal ukning phung cu an cohlan. Party an rak dirhka tein an cohlan cangmi a si. 2015 Election Manifesto zong ah mahte khuakhan lairelnak a ngei i, a dikmi federal democracy ramkomh ser khawh nak kan tawlrel lai tiah an rak thanh. Cozah an hun tlaih i, President tuan hmasa U Htin Kyaw zong nih khan a voi khatnak rampi huap bia a chimmi ah federal uknak phung aa telmi ramkomh phunghrampi a chuah khawh nak kan i zuam lai a rak ti. “Democracy Federal Ramkomh ser ding hi kan ramkhel chunmang a si” tiah Aung San Suu Kyi nih nai cikhua zong ah a chim lengmang. 2020 Election Manifesto zong ah “tlukruannak a ummi rammi covo le mahte khuakhan lairelnak a ummi democracy federal ramkomh kan ser lai” ti zong an thanh.
Hi lengluang an i chim sek cang nain federal sernak ding caah principle thate in an ngei cang ne maw? Federal timi cu “anak le asen” ti lawng in a ummi si lo. Khah i lak uh, kan in pek hna tiah i pek awk thami zong a si lo. Zei bantuk zawn ahhin dah, zeitin dah ramkomh le ramkulh karlak ah nawlngeihnak kan i then lai ti kha biatak thlak in i ceih a hau. Cu bantuk ceih khawh nakding ahcun ramkhel biaruahnak ah aa telmi phu pawl nih an duhmi principle cio an chuahpi a hau. NLD lei nih federal principle kong he an chuahpimi hi Aung San Suu Kyi biachimmi chung lawng in theih khawh a si rih i, a dang an ngeihmi hmuh ding a um rih lo. NCA kum 4 tlinnak puai (2019) ah bia a chimmi ah Federal hmuitinh timi tlangtar tang ah atu bantuk in a rak chim;
“(1) Federal he aa tlak ning in ramkomh le ramkulh karlak ah nawlngeihnak thencheunak a um lai (power sharing); (2) kokek thilchuak le ngunkhuai thenphawtnak a um lai (revenue sharing and national resource sharing); (3) ramkomh dihlak karlak ah tlukruannak a um lai (equality among the states); (4) ramkomh hna nih mahte khuakhan lairelnak a pe khomi phunghram an ngei lai (state basic law) (5) ramkulh hna nih nawlngeihnak thencheumi an hman tik ah an nawlngeihnak cu ramkulh mizapi cung ah aa hngat lai, ti bantuk pawl hi kanmah cozah nih principle in kan cohlan cangmi a si.”
Hi principle pa (5) chung ah hin pa ramkulh phunghram kong dah ti lo a dang pa (4) khi cu a voi 4nak 21st Century Panglong Conference ah Union Accord-III ah min an thut khawh. Hi vialte hi principle ti khawh cu a si ve nain federal ram paoh ahcun an neih dihmi principle a si caah kan ram he ai tlak ning in zei bantuk federal dah kan hman lai timi muisam a langhter kho taktakmi a si rih lo, tiah ramkhel thiamsang cheukhat nih an ti. Asinain cheukhat EAO upa chung in “hi bak hi tlangcung mi nih kan duhmi a biapimi principle phun cu a si” a timi zong an um ve. Asinain a fiangmi cu khi pa (5) khi cu principle i, kan cohlan zong ah a tlangpi (general) lawng a si tang ah khin a dikthiar (detail) in zeiti set in dah nawlngeihnak thencheu a si lai timi kha fiangte in an langhter chih rih cu a haumi a si.
NLD nih federal kong study an tuah maw?
A cung ah ka langhter cang bang, Aung San Suu Kyi nih a chuahpimi principle (5) khi a general tukmi a si. Federal kong theih huaha lem lo zong ah chuahpi khawhmi pawl an si. Federal a phun tampi lak ah zei bantuk dah a tha bik in, kan ram sining he aa tlak bik chuahpi khawh nakding ahcun ramdang cio nih an hmanmi le kan ram sining thate in hlathlainak tuah a herh. NLD nih khin “Research and Strategy” timi team an i chiah nain an tuahmi taktak hi policy research lei ngaingai si loin ramchung ah ramkhel thawngpang va ngiatthlai deuh khi a si. Federal kong hrim cu study an tuahmi ah ai tel rih lo.
NRPC khi cozah leikap in Peace Process ah technical support a petu ding ah an rak dirhmi a si. Nain annih khi thangthat an tong lo ngai. A hlan i Pu Thein Sein cozah nih a rak dirhmi Myanmar Peace Center (MPC) aiawh ah khan NLD nih an dirhmi a si. Pu Thein Sein nih a rak bochan deuhmi mifimthiam pawl kha cu a hnon dih hna. Atu a tuanmi pawl khi peace negotiation lei ah si seh, technical lei in si seh hmuhtonnak a ngei tuk lomi an si hna. Cucaah federal principal package zong hi NLD cozah nih i tlaih ding an chuahpi khawh rih lonak a si.
Biadonghnak
NLD nih federal serding an cohlan timi cu theihcia dih a si ko nain zeitin dah federal ram ser an duh timi kha atutan cabia in biahalnak a tuahmi cu a si. “Democracy first” hi kum saupi an rak i tlaihmi policy a rak si. Nain nai hrawng Aung San Suu Kyi biachim zoh tik ah Democracy le Federal hi ai ruang te tu in ser lawng ah a si kho tiah an lung a pem tiah ruah khawh a si. NLD upa pawl cheukhat belte nih cun democracy kan ser hmasa lawng ah federal cu thate in ai ser kho lai tiah nai cikhua ah an chim peng rih ve hoi; an bia ai kalh pah.
NLD phu nih an duhmi federal le Kawl ralkap nih an
duhmi federal teh zei tluk dah ai dang hnga ti zong van ruahchih awk tha ngai a
si. Tutan ka cabia ah hi kong hi fiangter awk a that rih lonak a ruang cu NLD
cozah nih hin federal package thate in an langhter rih lo caah a si. Amah belte
Aung San Suu Kyi nih ai tlaihmi general principle pa (5) kha a ning in ralkap
nih an cohlan. Hi chung ahhin pa (4) cu EAO zong nih an cohlan caah Union Accord-III
zong ah minthut a si cang. A taangmi pakhat hnatlaknak a um kho rih lomi belte
cu ramkulh phunghram sernak zawn ah khan “basic law” timi le “constitution”
timi concept kong ah an buai caah a si; ralkap le NLD nih “basic law” si ko seh
an ti; EAO nih “constitution” a si a herh an ti. Hi zawn ahcun caan sau nawn a
rau rih te kho.